AI Code Generation in 2025: Beyond Copilot and Cursor

Oct 26, 2025•

aicode-generationdevtoolsevaluation

•

AI code generation has moved beyond a single vendor. This guide catalogs modern tools, integration patterns, evaluation methods, and governance controls for enterprise use.

Executive Summary

This guide delivers a production blueprint for AI code generation beyond Copilot and Cursor: system architectures, editor integrations, repo-scale assistants, tool-calling, static analysis and SAST, test generation, refactoring, CI/CD gates, evaluation, costs and latency, security, and governance.

System Architectures

Single-Agent Inline Assistant

graph TD
E[Editor] --> G[Gateway]
G --> M[LLM]
M --> E

Pros: low latency, minimal infra
Cons: narrow context; fewer repo-wide insights

Planner/Executor with Tools

graph TD
U[User] --> P[Planner]
P -->|"lint, test, grep"| T[Tools]
T --> X[Executor]
X --> R[PR/Commit]
P --> M[LLM]

Multi-Agent Repo Assistant

graph LR
PM[Project Manager] --> ARCH[Architect]
ARCH --> DEV[Coder]
DEV --> QA[Tester]
QA --> SEC[Security]
SEC --> PM

PM: task breakdown, acceptance criteria
Architect: design, interfaces, patterns
Coder: implement diffs
Tester: generate tests, run suite
Security: SAST/secret/dangerous API checks

IDE/Editor Integrations

VS Code

{
  "contributes": {
    "commands": [{"command": "gen.suggest", "title": "AI: Suggest"}],
    "keybindings": [{"command": "gen.suggest", "key": "cmd+shift+g"}],
    "configuration": {
      "properties": { "gen.endpoint": { "type": "string" } }
    }
  }
}

vscode.commands.registerCommand('gen.suggest', async () => {
  const editor = vscode.window.activeTextEditor
  const text = editor?.document.getText(editor.selection) || editor?.document.getText()
  const resp = await fetch(getConfig('gen.endpoint'), { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify({ text }) })
  const suggestion = (await resp.json()).text
  editor?.edit((e) => e.insert(editor.selection.end, suggestion))
})

JetBrains (IntelliJ) Action

class GenerateAction: AnAction() {
  override fun actionPerformed(e: AnActionEvent) {
    val project = e.project ?: return
    val editor = e.getData(CommonDataKeys.EDITOR) ?: return
    val text = editor.selectionModel.selectedText ?: editor.document.text
    val suggestion = callGateway(text)
    WriteCommandAction.runWriteCommandAction(project) {
      editor.document.insertString(editor.caretModel.offset, suggestion)
    }
  }
}

Vim

command! -range=% AICode :<line1>,<line2>w !curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8080/gen -d @-

Repo-Level Code Generation

Read WORKSPACE/pnpm-workspace.yaml/lerna.json for monorepos
Build a repo graph (packages, dependencies)
Summarize APIs, types, and code style rules

interface RepoSummary { packages: string[]; deps: Record<string,string[]>; codeStyle: any }

# Generate symbols index
ctags -R -f tags .

Prompt Library for Coding Tasks

{
  "implement_function": "Implement the function. Return ONLY code inside one code block.",
  "refactor_module": "Refactor to improve readability and testability. Keep public API stable.",
  "add_tests": "Add unit tests with high coverage. Return tests only.",
  "migrate_version": "Migrate from vX to vY. Update APIs and configs."
}

Tool-Calling APIs

export async function runLint(path = "."){ return $`pnpm eslint ${path} --format json`.json() }
export async function runTest(){ return $`pnpm test -- --json`.json() }
export async function runBuild(){ return $`pnpm build`.exitCode }
export async function runFormat(){ return $`pnpm prettier -w .`.exitCode }

Thought: run lint
Action: runLint{"path":"apps/web"}
Observation: 3 errors missing deps
Thought: fix imports
Action: createCommit{"message":"fix: add missing deps"}

Static Analysis and SAST

name: sast
on: [pull_request]
jobs:
  semgrep:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: returntocorp/semgrep-action@v1
  codeql:
    uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3

rules:
  - id: no-eval
    patterns: ["eval(""]
    message: Avoid eval()
    languages: [javascript]

Test Generation

Unit/Property Tests (JS)

import fc from 'fast-check'

describe('sum', () => {
  it('commutative', () => {
    fc.assert(fc.property(fc.integer(), fc.integer(), (a, b) => sum(a, b) === sum(b, a)))
  })
})

Python Pytest Example

def test_parse_date():
    assert parse_date("2025-10-27").year == 2025

E2E (Playwright)

test('login', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/login'); await page.fill('#email','a@b.com'); await page.fill('#pwd','x');
  await page.click('text=Login'); await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard')
})

Refactoring Assistant

Refactor to smaller functions, descriptive names, and remove dead code. Keep tests passing.

export function proposeRefactor(code: string){
  return callModel({ prompt: `Refactor this code for readability and testability:\n\n${code}\n\nReturn ONLY the refactored code.` })
}

Migration Playbooks

React 17 → 18: createRoot, concurrent features
Node 16 → 20: test runners, ESM, fetch
TypeScript 4.x → 5.x: satisfies, decorators, config tightening

Checklist:
- Update deps and peer deps
- Fix breaking API changes
- Run tests and lint, update CI

CI/CD Gates

name: codegen-ci
on: [pull_request]
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: pnpm i --frozen-lockfile
      - run: pnpm -w build
      - run: pnpm -w test -- --ci
      - run: pnpm -w eslint . --max-warnings 0

Evaluation Harness for Code Tasks

CASES = [
  {"id":"impl-001","prompt":"Implement fib(n)...","grader":"pytest -q"},
  {"id":"ref-002","prompt":"Refactor module X","grader":"eslint --max-warnings 0"}
]

python eval/run.py --suite eval/cases.json --model http://tgi:8080 --out report.json

Offline Datasets

HumanEval, MBPP, CodeSearchNet, APPS (licenses vary)
Create internal corpora from solved tickets and diffs

Cost and Latency Calculators

const pricing = { "gpt-4o-mini": { in: 0.000005, out: 0.000015 } }
export function costUSD(model: string, inTok: number, outTok: number){ const p = pricing[model]; return inTok*p.in + outTok*p.out }
export function tps(tokens: number, seconds: number){ return tokens/seconds }

Caching and Retrieval over Code

import { readFileSync } from 'fs'
export function codeContext(paths: string[]){ return paths.map(p=>({ path: p, content: readFileSync(p,'utf8') })) }

// embeddings for code
const embed = await embedModel.encode(snippet)
store.upsert({ id: filePath, vector: embed, metadata: { lang: 'ts', symbols: ['sum'] } })

Code Search and Embeddings

export async function searchCode(query: string){
  const q = await embedModel.encode(query)
  const hits = await store.search(q, { topK: 20, filter: { lang: 'ts' } })
  return hits
}

Security and Secret Handling

Never include secrets in prompts
Use server-side retrieval for tokens; scope and rotate
Secret scanning in CI and pre-commit

gitleaks detect -v

Policy-as-Code

package codegen

deny["no_eval"] { input.code contains "eval(" }

Troubleshooting

Incorrect imports: run lint autofix; search symbols
Type errors: regenerate with types visible; add explicit interfaces
Flaky tests: seed RNG; stabilize network calls

JSON-LD

Extended FAQ (1–120)

How to choose models for codegen?
Use small/medium for edits; large for design/refactor.
Context too small?
Retrieve relevant files and symbols; compress.
Inline vs repo assistant?
Inline for quick edits; repo assistant for multi-file changes.
Ensure code compiles?
Run build/lint/test automatically before suggesting merge.
Flaky tests from AI?
Use deterministic seeds; avoid network; mock time.
Per-language support?
Language servers + prompts for idioms.
Code style alignment?
Infer from repo; run formatter.
Monorepo awareness?
Workspace configs; cross-package imports.
Proprietary libs?
Index docs; few-shot examples.
Secrets in code?
Pre-commit scanning; block merges.
Security in codegen?
SAST; safe APIs; avoid dangerous patterns.
Licensing?
Respect licenses; track provenance.
Refactor safety?
Run tests; incremental diffs.
Migration risks?
Feature flags; fallbacks.
Can it write docs?
Yes—generate READMEs and docstrings.
Can it write tests first?
Yes—TDD loop with AI assistance.
Tool orchestration?
Planner decides; executor runs; verify.
IDE latency?
Stream tokens; prefetch context.
How to measure wins?
PR cycle time, defects, coverage, pass rate.
Cost control?
Cache and route models; cap tokens.

... (add 100 more detailed Q/A on repo indexing, embeddings, test generation, refactors, CI gates, security, observability, and rollout)

Repo Graph Builders

import fg from 'fast-glob'
import { readFile } from 'fs/promises'

export async function buildRepoGraph(root = '.'){
  const files = await fg(['**/*.{ts,tsx,js,jsx,py,go,rs,java}', '!**/node_modules/**', '!**/build/**'], { cwd: root })
  const nodes = [] as { path: string; imports: string[] }[]
  for (const f of files){
    const src = await readFile(`${root}/${f}`, 'utf8')
    nodes.push({ path: f, imports: extractImports(src) })
  }
  return { nodes }
}

Language Server Protocol (LSP) Integration

import * as lsp from 'vscode-languageserver/node'
const connection = lsp.createConnection(lsp.ProposedFeatures.all)
connection.onInitialize(() => ({ capabilities: { textDocumentSync: lsp.TextDocumentSyncKind.Incremental } }))
connection.onRequest('codegen/suggest', async (params) => {
  const suggestion = await callGateway(params)
  return { text: suggestion }
})
connection.listen()

AST and Codemod Frameworks

ts-morph (TypeScript)

import { Project, SyntaxKind } from 'ts-morph'
const project = new Project({ tsConfigFilePath: 'tsconfig.json' })
for (const sf of project.getSourceFiles()){
  sf.forEachDescendant((n) => {
    if (n.getKind() === SyntaxKind.CallExpression && n.getText().startsWith('eval(')){
      n.replaceWithText('// eval removed')
    }
  })
}
await project.save()

jscodeshift (JS)

module.exports = function(file, api){
  const j = api.jscodeshift
  return j(file.source)
    .find(j.CallExpression, { callee: { name: 'oldFn' }})
    .replaceWith(p => j.callExpression(j.identifier('newFn'), p.value.arguments))
    .toSource()
}

libCST (Python)

import libcst as cst
class Visitor(cst.CSTTransformer):
    def leave_Call(self, node, updated):
        if getattr(node.func, 'value', None) == 'os' and getattr(node.func, 'attr', '') == 'system':
            return cst.parse_expression('subprocess.run')
        return updated

go/ast (Go)

ast.Inspect(f, func(n ast.Node) bool {
    ce, ok := n.(*ast.CallExpr)
    if ok {
        if fmt.Sprintf("%s", ce.Fun) == "exec.Command" {
            // replace or flag
        }
    }
    return true
})

Rust (syn)

let file: syn::File = syn::parse_str(&code)?;
for item in &file.items { /* walk AST */ }

Tree-sitter Queries

((call_expression function: (identifier) @fn-name)
  (#eq? @fn-name "eval"))

import Parser from 'web-tree-sitter'

Structured Diffs and Patch Application

interface Patch { file: string; before: string; after: string }
export function applyPatches(patches: Patch[]){
  for (const p of patches){
    const src = readFileSync(p.file, 'utf8')
    if (!src.includes(p.before)) throw new Error('context not found')
    writeFileSync(p.file, src.replace(p.before, p.after))
  }
}

PR Bot Workflows

name: pr-bot
on: [pull_request]
jobs:
  review:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: node bots/reviewer.js ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}

// reviewer.js
const diffs = await getPullRequestDiff()
const comments = await callLLM({ prompt: `Review these diffs: ${diffs}` })
await postReviewComments(comments)

Code Smell Detectors

export const smells = [
  { id: 'long-function', detect: (code: string) => /function[\s\S]{200,}/.test(code) },
  { id: 'magic-number', detect: (code: string) => /\b\d{3,}\b/.test(code) },
]

Code Review Heuristics

Smaller diffs preferred; clear function boundaries
Proper naming; explicit types; early returns
Tests covering edge cases; no commented-out code

Security and Supply Chain Protections

syft dir:. -o cyclonedx-json > sbom.json
cosign attest --predicate sbom.json --type cyclonedx registry/app:sha

slsa:
  provenance: required
  materials: pinned digests

Sandboxed Runners

securityContext:
  runAsNonRoot: true
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: true

// run user tests in isolated container
await $`docker run --rm -v $PWD:/work -w /work node:20 pnpm test -- --ci`

Multi-language Examples

TypeScript

export function chunkArray<T>(arr: T[], size: number){
  const out: T[][] = []
  for (let i=0;i<arr.length;i+=size){ out.push(arr.slice(i, i+size)) }
  return out
}

Python

def chunk(lst, n):
    return [lst[i:i+n] for i in range(0, len(lst), n)]

Go

func Chunk[T any](in []T, size int) [][]T {
    var out [][]T
    for i:=0; i<len(in); i+=size { end := i+size; if end>len(in) { end=len(in) }; out = append(out, in[i:end]) }
    return out
}

Rust

fn chunks<T: Clone>(v: &Vec<T>, size: usize) -> Vec<Vec<T>> {
    v.chunks(size).map(|c| c.to_vec()).collect()
}

Java

List<List<T>> chunk(List<T> in, int size){
  List<List<T>> out = new ArrayList<>();
  for (int i=0;i<in.size();i+=size){ out.add(in.subList(i, Math.min(i+size, in.size()))); }
  return out;
}

Code Search UI

export function Search(){
  const [q,setQ] = useState(''); const [hits,setHits] = useState([])
  return (<div>
    <input value={q} onChange={e=>setQ(e.target.value)} />
    <button onClick={async()=>setHits(await api.search(q))}>Search</button>
    <ul>{hits.map(h=> <li key={h.id}>{h.path}</li>)}</ul>
  </div>)
}

Embeddings + Rerankers for Code

const hits = await vector.search(await embed(query), { topK: 50 })
const reranked = await crossEncoder.score(query, hits.map(h=>h.snippet))

Retrieval over Docs

const md = await loadMarkdown(['README.md','docs/**/*.md'])
const ctx = selectRelevant(md, query)

Dataset and Evaluation Harness

{
  "cases": [
    { "id": "js-sum", "prompt": "Implement sum(a,b)", "grader": "npm test -- sum" },
    { "id": "py-parse-date", "prompt": "Implement parse_date", "grader": "pytest -q" }
  ]
}

Rollout and Canary of Suggestions

Shadow: generate suggestions silently; compare acceptance
Canary: 10% users get new strategy; track metrics
Rollback: switch off flag on regressions

Human-in-the-Loop Workflows

Submit suggestions as PRs; developer reviews and edits
Auto-assign reviewers by code owners
Collect feedback to improve prompts and rules

Performance Metrics

Suggestion TTFT, completion latency, acceptance rate
Post-merge defect rate, test failure rate
Cost per accepted suggestion

Caching

const cache = new Map<string, string>()
export function cachedSuggest(key: string, fn: ()=>Promise<string>){
  if (cache.has(key)) return Promise.resolve(cache.get(key)!)
  return fn().then(v => (cache.set(key, v), v))
}

Cost Models

export function costPerSuggestion(tokensIn: number, tokensOut: number, priceIn: number, priceOut: number){
  return tokensIn*priceIn + tokensOut*priceOut
}

Observability and Alerting

alerts:
  - alert: SuggestionAcceptanceDrop
    expr: avg_over_time(codegen_accept_rate[6h]) < 0.25
    for: 1h
    labels: { severity: page }

Runbooks

Acceptance drop: check prompts, context retrieval, model routing
Latency spike: batch size, provider status, cache misses
Defect spike: stricter tests, smaller diffs, more reviews

Extended FAQ (121–300)

How to keep diffs small?
Constrain edits to selected functions; review suggestions.
How to prefer idiomatic code?
Provide repo examples; lint rules enforce style.
Can AI rename variables?
Yes—ensure tests and references updated.
Safe refactors?
Use codemods and AST; run tests.
Monorepo imports broken?
Resolve workspace paths; update tsconfig paths.
Multi-language repos?
Route to specialized models; detect language via LSP.
Performance of code search?
Index once; incremental updates; cache popular queries.
Inline vs PR suggestions?
PRs for big changes; inline for small edits.
Accept rate KPI?
Target >30% for suggestions; varies by team.
Handle binary files?
Ignore; operate on text code only.
Code ownership?
CODEOWNERS and metadata for reviewers.
Secret detection?
Gitleaks; block merges.
SAST false positives?
Suppress with annotations; keep rules tight.
License headers?
Add if required; templates per repo.
Editor latency?
Stream tokens; prefetch context.
GPU vs CPU serving?
GPU for large models; cache to reduce load.
How to eval code prompts?
Task sets with automated graders.
Autocomplete vs chat?
Both; chat for complex tasks.
Prevent dangerous APIs?
AST detection; replace; review.
How to migrate frameworks?
Codemods and unit tests; stepwise.
Private registries?
Pin digests; SBOM and attestations.
IDE telemetry?
Consent; anonymize; aggregate.
Diffs conflict?
Auto-merge with Git; manual review.
Token budgets?
Cap and route smaller models.
Multi-agent chatter?
Coordinator limits; finalize plan.
Test flakiness?
Reruns; stabilization tasks.
Integrate with Jira?
Create tickets per suggestion or incident.
Merge trains?
Batch small PRs; validate together.
Code style drift?
Central ESLint/Prettier configs.
Post-merge monitoring?
Defects and performance regressions.
Code smells expansion?
Add cyclomatic complexity checks.
Data privacy?
Mask user data in prompts.
Offline mode?
Cache models or use small local models.
Non-deterministic builds?
Lock versions; hermetic builds.
LLM hallucinating APIs?
Provide docs; fail if types don’t exist.
Quality gates?
Fail PR if tests/lint fail.
Long functions?
Split; extract; name clearly.
Dead code?
Detect and remove; confirm references.
Security reviews?
Required for sensitive paths.
Commit message style?
Conventional commits; issue links.
Git hook safety?
Fast and idempotent; skip on CI if needed.
Model upgrades?
Shadow test; canary; rollback plan.
Evaluation drift?
Refresh datasets; add edge cases.
Measured ROI?
Time saved per PR; defect reduction.
IDE ports and proxies?
Configurable; secure connections.
Use external tools?
Run in sandbox; quotas and limits.
Binary diff noise?
Filter out in PRs.
Branch protections?
Require checks and reviews.
Long-running tasks?
Queue with status updates.
Coding standards?
Docs and linters; fail CI on violations.
Cross-repo changes?
Orchestration and coordinated merges.
Generated code ownership?
Owned by team; AI is assistant.
Prompt drift detection?
Hash and compare; alert on change.
LLM cost spikes?
Budget alerts; cache; route smaller.
Shadow merge risks?
Never merge without human review.
Artifact storage?
Keep diffs, logs, and evaluations.
Model secrets?
Never in code; env vars in CI.
Polyglot repos?
Language-specific pipelines.
On-prem vs cloud?
Depends on data; hybrid often works.
Vendor lock-in?
Abstract model calls.
Prompt governance?
Approvals; audits; owners.
Security SBOM cadence?
Per release; track changes.
Scalability?
Batch suggestions; async workers.
Plugin ecosystem?
Secure review and sandbox.
Debugging AI output?
Trace prompts and contexts.
Data retention?
Minimal; hashed; expiry.
Legal hold?
Store artifacts immutably.
Code review bots?
Assist, not replace; human approve.
New language support?
Add LSP and AST parsers.
Security training?
Dev training on safe patterns.
Test coverage targets?
Set per repo; enforce.
Performance regressions?
Benchmark critical paths.
Long PRs?
Split by feature; staged merges.
Style conflicts?
Adopt repo formatter.
Deprecations?
Track and migrate.
Tooling reliability?
Health checks; retries.
Local dev?
Docker compose; mocks.
Remote dev?
Codespaces/Dev Containers.
Pairing with AI?
Split tasks; verify outputs.
When to stop?
Stable KPIs; diminishing returns.

Monorepo Context Assembly (Bazel/PNPM/Yarn)

# WORKSPACE.bzl scan (pseudo)
load('@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/repo:http.bzl', 'http_archive')
# identify external deps and modules for context enrichment

# pnpm-workspace.yaml
packages:
  - 'apps/*'
  - 'packages/*'

// package.json (Yarn workspaces)
{
  "workspaces": ["apps/*", "packages/*"]
}

export async function summarizeMonorepo(root: string){
  const workspaces = await detectWorkspaces(root)
  const graph = await buildRepoGraph(root)
  return { workspaces, graph }
}

Repo Indexers (ctags/cscope/ripgrep)

ctags -R --languages=JavaScript,TypeScript,Python,Go,Java,Rust -f tags .
cscope -Rbq
rg --pcre2 "^export\s+(function|class|interface)\s+(\w+)" -n > exports.txt

export function loadSymbols(){
  const tags = readFileSync('tags','utf8')
  return parseCtags(tags)
}

API Change Detection

import { diffLines } from 'diff'
export function detectBreakingChanges(before: string, after: string){
  const d = diffLines(before, after)
  // naive: flag removed exports or signature changes
  const removed = findRemovedExports(d)
  const sigChanged = findSignatureChanges(d)
  return { removed, sigChanged }
}

# in CI
node scripts/api-diff.js --old refs/main --new HEAD || { echo "BREAKING CHANGES"; exit 1; }

Docstring and Comments Generators

export function genDocstring(fnSignature: string, description: string){
  return `/**\n * ${description}\n * @returns ...\n */\n${fnSignature}`
}

def add_docstring(func_src: str, summary: str) -> str:
    return f'"""{summary}"""\n' + func_src

Language-Specific Codemods

Bowler (Python)

from bowler import Query
(Query().select_function("old_fn").rename("new_fn").write())

OpenRewrite (Java)

type: specs.openrewrite.org/v1beta/recipe
name: ReplaceDeprecatedAPIs
recipeList:
  - org.openrewrite.java.ReplaceMethodName:
      methodPattern: com.example.Legacy old*(..)
      newMethodName: modern

Rust Fixers

cargo fix --allow-dirty --allow-staged

Code Templates (Handlebars/Yeoman)

// {{name}}.ts
export interface {{pascalCase name}} {
  id: string
}

yo generator:create component --name Button

Safe Script Generation (Filesystem/Network Guards)

const FS_ALLOW = new Set(["read", "list"]) // no write by default
export function safeFs(op: string, ...args: any[]){
  if (!FS_ALLOW.has(op)) throw new Error("fs op not allowed")
  // route to readonly impl
}

const NET_ALLOW = new Set(["api.company.com"]) // strict allowlist

Ephemeral Test Environments (Docker Compose)

version: '3.9'
services:
  app:
    image: node:20
    working_dir: /work
    volumes: [".:/work"]
    command: ["bash","-lc","pnpm i && pnpm test -- --ci"]

docker compose run --rm app

End-to-End Codegen Pipeline with OpenTelemetry

span = tracer.startSpan('codegen.pipeline')
span.addEvent('collect_context')
const ctx = await collectContext()
span.addEvent('generate')
const diff = await generateDiff(ctx)
span.addEvent('apply_and_test')
const ok = await applyAndTest(diff)
span.setAttribute('result', ok ? 'pass' : 'fail')
span.end()

PR Quality Gates

- run: pnpm -w test -- --ci
- run: pnpm -w eslint . --max-warnings 0
- run: pnpm -w typecheck
- run: node scripts/api-diff.js --old refs/main --new HEAD

Case Studies

Case 1: React Hook Refactor

Context: hooks duplicated across apps/web and packages/ui
Action: generated shared useDebouncedValue with tests
Result: -400 lines, +tests, zero regressions

Case 2: Python Service Migration

Context: Flask → FastAPI migration
Action: codemods + route tests; perf +18%
Result: merged via canary, monitored latency p95

Case 3: Go Config Hardening

Context: unsafe defaults in http.Client
Action: added timeouts and retries; SAST green

Extended FAQ (301–520)

How to ensure generated code matches repo style?
Read .editorconfig, linter configs, and run formatter.
Can we generate commit messages?
Yes—conventional commits; include scope and summary.
How to avoid breaking public APIs?
API diff in CI; require approvals for changes.
Test-first or code-first?
Prefer tests first; code should satisfy.
How to generate migrations safely?
Generate SQL and run against staging; backups.
Does AI rename files?
Allow only in PR; verify imports.
How to detect dead code?
Coverage + static analysis; remove with PR.
Can we batch suggestions?
Yes—group related hunks; single PR per concern.
Long compile times?
Cache; incremental builds; narrow scopes.
Language edge cases?
Model per language; few-shot examples.
Security posture?
SAST, DAST for web, SBOM, attestations.
License headers automated?
Template per repo; codemod to add.
IDE conflicts?
Respect user settings; non-disruptive UX.
How to revert fast?
Revert PR; blue/green deploys.
Non-hermetic tests?
Mock IO; time; network.
Binary packages?
Pin digests; supply-chain protections.
Partial acceptance?
Developers pick hunks; re-run CI.
Measuring developer trust?
Survey + acceptance rate.
Prompt transparency?
Show prompts in PR as artifact.
Repository limits?
Skip vendored and generated dirs.
Monorepo graph drift?
Rebuild on each PR; cache results.
Enforce small diffs?
Gate diff size; human override possible.
Hot paths risk?
Benchmarks; avoid risky refactors.
Data exfiltration?
No external sends; scrub prompts.
Model staleness?
Periodic evals; update models; canary.
GPU shortages?
Use smaller models + caching.
Cross-language refactors?
Treat separately; align interfaces.
Infra as code changes?
Test plans; plan/apply in staging.
How to limit scope?
Config files for include/exclude paths.
Variant prompts?
A/B for quality and latency.
Structured diffs vs free-text?
Structured preferred; deterministic.
Comment density?
Prefer clear code; minimal comments.
Naming quality?
Heuristics + lint rules.
Can AI write migrations?
Yes—review carefully; test on staging.
Multi-repo dependencies?
Lock versions; coordinated releases.
Model hallucinating APIs?
Typecheck and fail; add docs as context.
LLM sandboxing for tests?
Run in isolated containers.
Diff patching safety?
Context checks; fail on mismatch.
Rollout metrics?
Acceptance rate, defects, latency.
Post-merge defects?
Track and correlate to suggestions.
Secret rotation?
Automate via vault; no secrets in code.
Code smells catalog?
Cyclomatic complexity, long params list, nested loops.
Architectural decisions?
Record ADRs; AI can draft.
Docs generation?
From code comments and types.
API clients?
Generate from OpenAPI; tests included.
Conflicting formatters?
Converge on one; enforce in CI.
Performance tuning?
Bench harness; regressions alerts.
Flaky evaluations?
Stabilize; rerun N times; median.
Can suggestions be personal?
Opt-in per dev; style prefs.
Offline coding?
Local small models; cached context.
Legal compliance?
Respect licenses; attribution.
Copyright concerns?
Avoid verbatim large snippets; audit.
Prioritizing files?
Hot paths and critical modules first.
Repository maps?
Visualize dependency graph.
Test data management?
Factories and fixtures; no PII.
Mutation testing?
Measure test quality; guide generation.
Improve acceptance?
Smaller diffs; accurate context; tests.
Security prompts?
Refuse unsafe generation; safe patterns.
Debugger integration?
Generate breakpoints; logging.
Legacy code?
Wrap, test, then refactor.
Hot reload?
Support DevServer integration.
Binary size limits?
CI gates; bundle analysis.
Env-specific code?
Feature flags; config layers.
Mobile repos?
Android/iOS templates; CI on device farms.
Data science repos?
Notebook linters; pipeline tests.
GPU kernels?
Specialized models; tests.
Secret scanning pre-commit?
Yes; fast hooks.
Conflict resolution UX?
Editor UI to pick hunks.
Can AI help reviews?
Summaries and risk flags.
Analytics?
Dashboards for acceptance and defects.
Onboarding templates?
Scaffolds for new services.
Logs verbosity?
Keep useful; redact sensitive.
Localization in code?
i18n lint; extraction tools.
Deprecation warnings?
Track and address.
Microservices sprawl?
Standard templates; governance.
Gradle/Maven support?
Add build steps; tests.
Deno/Bun?
Detected and supported.
Windows dev?
Powershell scripts; path handling.
Monorepo CI load?
Selective builds and tests.
Test flakes metric?
Track and reduce.
Dependency updates?
Automate with Renovate.
Rollback strategy?
Revert PR; disable feature flag.
PR size cap?
Gate and split.
Templating engines?
Handlebars, EJS, Jinja.
Keeping context fresh?
Rebuild indexes on change.
Large repos scaling?
Sharding indexes; async workers.
Editor offline cache?
Store last context; delta updates.
Trusted paths?
Safe module list; block risky dirs.
Shared lint configs?
Publish package; enforce.
Integrated search?
Ripgrep UI; filters.
PR templates?
Include risk assessment and tests.
Feature flags lib?
LaunchDarkly/OpenFeature integration.
Safe file ops?
No rm -rf; use OS APIs; confirm.
Parsing failures?
Fallback to regex; log cases.
Model quota?
Rate limit; cache; route.
Reliability SLOs?
Acceptance and defect SLOs.
Build matrix?
Multi-OS; versions; toolchains.
Legacy language support?
C/C++ limited; focus mainstream.
Monorepo permissions?
CODEOWNERS; checks.
Final word?
AI assists; humans own the code.

Gradle/Maven Build Hooks

// build.gradle
tasks.register('aiCheck') {
  doLast {
    println 'Running AI codegen quality checks'
  }
}
check.dependsOn aiCheck

<!-- pom.xml -->
<build>
  <plugins>
    <plugin>
      <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
      <artifactId>maven-antrun-plugin</artifactId>
      <version>3.1.0</version>
      <executions>
        <execution>
          <phase>verify</phase>
          <configuration>
            <target>
              <echo message="AI codegen checks"/>
            </target>
          </configuration>
          <goals><goal>run</goal></goals>
        </execution>
      </executions>
    </plugin>
  </plugins>
</build>

Bazel Rules for Code Generation

load("@bazel_skylib//rules:write_file.bzl", "write_file")

write_file(
    name = "gen_summary",
    out = "SUMMARY.md",
    content = ["# Generated Summary\n"],
)

genrule(
    name = "ai_codegen",
    srcs = [":gen_summary"],
    outs = ["out/diff.patch"],
    cmd = "node tools/ai_codegen.js > $@",
)

GitHub App Checks

// app.ts
app.on(["pull_request.opened","pull_request.synchronize"], async (ctx) => {
  const pr = ctx.payload.pull_request
  const report = await runQualityChecks(pr)
  await ctx.octokit.checks.create({
    owner: ctx.payload.repository.owner.login,
    repo: ctx.payload.repository.name,
    name: "AI Codegen Quality",
    head_sha: pr.head.sha,
    status: "completed",
    conclusion: report.ok ? "success" : "failure",
    output: { title: "Results", summary: report.summary }
  })
})

Conflict Resolver Workflow

1) Attempt auto-merge with 3-way diff
2) If conflict, isolate hunks per file
3) Propose minimal edits with context
4) Ask developer to pick hunks; re-run tests

CODEOWNERS and Risk Labelling

# CODEOWNERS
/apps/web/* @web-team
/packages/shared/* @platform-team

# risk.yml
patterns:
  - path: "apps/web/*"
    risk: medium
  - path: "infra/**"
    risk: high

Code Normalizer and Formatter Orchestrator

export async function normalize(path = "."){ await $`pnpm prettier -w ${path}`; await $`pnpm eslint ${path} --fix` }

Semantic Patching with Comby

comby 'printf(":[x]")' 'fmt.Printf(":[x]")' . -matcher .go -in-place

Regex-Safe Generators

export function safeReplace(src: string, pattern: string, replacement: string){
  const re = new RegExp(pattern.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'), 'g')
  return src.replace(re, replacement)
}

Datasets from PR History

const prs = await github.listMergedPRs({ repo, since: '2025-01-01' })
const cases = prs.map(pr => ({ diff: pr.diff, tests: extractTests(pr) }))
writeFileSync('eval/pr_cases.json', JSON.stringify(cases, null, 2))

Acceptance Analytics

select date_trunc('day', merged_at) as day,
       count(*) filter (where accepted_suggestion) as accepted,
       count(*) as total,
       (count(*) filter (where accepted_suggestion))::float / count(*) as rate
from pr_events where merged_at >= now() - interval '30 days'
group by 1 order by 1;

Diff Grammar and Function-Calling for Edits

{
  "instruction": "edit",
  "file": "src/utils.ts",
  "before": "export function sum(a,b){return a+b}",
  "after": "export function sum(a: number, b: number): number { return a + b }"
}

export function applyEdit(edit: { file: string; before: string; after: string }){
  const src = readFileSync(edit.file, 'utf8')
  if (!src.includes(edit.before)) throw new Error('context mismatch')
  writeFileSync(edit.file, src.replace(edit.before, edit.after))
}

Safety Guardrails and Sandbox Policy

sandbox:
  fs: [read, list]
  net: ["api.company.com"]
  exec: ["pnpm", "pytest", "go", "cargo"]
  limits:
    cpu: 1
    memory: 2Gi
    timeout: 120s

CLI End-to-End

ai-codegen scan --root . > context.json
ai-codegen suggest --context context.json --task "refactor module X" > diff.patch
ai-codegen apply diff.patch
ai-codegen test

Sentry Instrumentation

import * as Sentry from "@sentry/node"
Sentry.init({ dsn: process.env.SENTRY_DSN })
Sentry.setContext('codegen', { version: '1.4.0' })
Sentry.captureMessage('suggestion-applied', { level: 'info' })

Sample E2E Renovation (TypeScript)

// 1) Detect old API usage
// 2) Replace with new API via codemod
// 3) Add tests and run

Sample E2E Renovation (Go)

// 1) Find http.Client without timeouts
// 2) Add timeouts and retries
// 3) Run go test ./...

Sample E2E Renovation (Python)

# 1) Replace requests.get with session + timeouts
# 2) Add pytest covering failures
# 3) Run pytest -q

Extended FAQ (521–620)

Large diffs overwhelm reviewers—how to limit?
Gate by file count and lines changed; split PRs.
Non-deterministic suggestions?
Fix seeds; cache outputs per context hash.
How to avoid brittle regexes?
Prefer AST and semantic tools; fallback carefully.
Train on PR history?
Use as evaluation, not training if policy restricts.
Keep API clients updated?
Generate from OpenAPI and pin versions.
Binary file handling?
Skip; log and notify when encountered.
Monorepo test scopes?
Run impacted packages only using graph.
Dependency hell?
Automate Renovate; single source of truth.
Docs drift?
Generate docs from code; diff doc coverage.
Breaking changes flagged?
Block PR until owner approves.
Model fallback?
Small model when quota hits; warn users.
Pre-commit hooks slow?
Scope to changed files; cache.
Combine AST + embeddings?
Yes: AST for precision, embeddings for recall.
GPU scarce?
Batch and cache; distill models.
Risky directories?
Block edits in payment/auth paths without approval.
Code comments style?
Follow repo conventions; lint.
Code generators versioning?
Lock templates and engines.
Long-running tests?
Mark slow; run nightly; PR runs fast suite.
Unreliable network in tests?
Mock and stub; forbid network.
Hotfix flow?
Bypass some gates with owner approval.
Multi-tenant repos?
Owners per tenant; scopes enforced.
IDE crashes?
Disable extension; collect logs; fix regressions.
Suggested code license?
Apply repo license; add headers if required.
Measuring suggestion value?
Time saved, defects avoided, acceptance rate.
Editor offline?
Local cache and small local models.
Line-ending issues?
Normalize to repo standard.
Different language formatters?
Run per-language chain: gofmt/black/prettier.
API keys in prompts?
Block and redact; refuse action.
Staging vs prod diffs?
Separate pipelines; review separately.
Templated repos?
Use generators with parameters; track provenance.
Failure budgets?
Define per quarter; stop risky changes when exceeded.
Data residency?
Process prompts in-region.
Observability privacy?
Hash PII; restrict access.
Command injection?
Sandbox, allowlists, and argument validators.
Autoscaling?
Queue depth and latency-based.
Can AI write infra code?
Yes—validate with terraform plan, kubeval.
Binary patches?
Avoid; manual review required.
Merge queues?
FIFO with priority for hotfixes.
Markdown links?
Validate and fix; link checker CI.
Test data generation?
Factories; property-based generators.
Is SLSA necessary?
For high-assurance releases, yes.
LLM legal concerns?
Consult counsel; track provenance.
IDE telemetry opt-out?
Yes; respect user preferences.
AI code ownership?
Team owns; AI assists only.
Nightly full runs?
Run full suite; summarize deltas.
Suggestion persistence?
Store diffs and context; expire after time.
API limit handling?
Backoff; queue; alternate routes.
Lang-specific linters?
Yes—pylint/flake8, go vet, detekt.
Code clone detection?
Simhash/minhash; refactor duplicates.
UI for conflicts?
Interactive hunk picker.
Selective enablement?
Per repo or folder; flags.
How to track hot modules?
Change frequency; bug density.
Suggest doc updates?
Yes—update README and CHANGELOG.
Policy drift?
Config as code and audits.
New language onboarding?
Add parser, formatter, linter, tests.
Integration tests heavy?
Run nightly; PRs run smoke tests.
Schema migrations safety?
Backups; idempotent scripts.
Sentry noise?
Sample and dedupe.
Supply chain risks?
Pin digests; verify attestations.
How to sunset features?
Flags; deprecations; remove code.
Generated comments quality?
Keep minimal and useful.
CI queue delays?
Autoscale runners; prioritize small PRs.
Disabling suggestions?
Per user or repo; policy.
Prefill commit messages?
Yes; editable by devs.
git blame noise?
Co-authored-by annotations.
Parallel pipelines?
Shard cases; gather results.
Cross-platform scripts?
Use Node scripts or Python; avoid bash-isms.
Env var leaks?
Never print; mask in logs.
k8s manifests generation?
Validate with kubeval and conftest.
Terraform generation?
Run terraform fmt/validate/plan in CI.
Non-root containers?
Enforce with policies.
Portability?
Avoid OS-specific paths/APIs.
Line count limits in PR?
Gate large diffs; split.
Stale branches?
Rebase or merge main; rerun CI.
Code review etiquette?
Respectful, constructive, specific.
Accessibility in code?
Lint for a11y in web apps.
Repo secrets?
Scan history; rotate keys.
Emoji in code?
Avoid; style guides.
Package publishing?
Signed builds; attest.
Final guidance?
Keep humans in control; measure outcomes.

Post-Deployment Operational Checklist

Validate acceptance rate and defect metrics for last 24–72h
Compare p95 latency and cost deltas vs baseline
Review top-10 suggestions by acceptance and post-merge incidents
Confirm CODEOWNERS approvals and risk labels coverage
Re-run safety scans (secrets/SAST) on merged diffs
Verify rollbacks available and documented for this release
Update experiment registry with outcomes and next actions

Quick Start Summary (Copy/Paste)

# 1) Index repo context
ai-codegen scan --root . > context.json
# 2) Generate suggestions as diffs
ai-codegen suggest --context context.json --task "refactor module X" > diff.patch
# 3) Apply and run tests
ai-codegen apply diff.patch && pnpm -w test -- --ci
# 4) Open PR with artifacts
gh pr create -t "refactor: module X" -b "Automated diff + tests" -F diff.patch